2013年同等学力英语语法专项复习（十）

2013年同等学力英语语法专项复习：语态

第七节语态

一、总述

语态（voice ）是一种动词形式，表示主语与谓语动词所表示的动作之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态（active voice ）和被动语态（passive voice）。被动语态往往是各类考试中的侧重点。
英语被动语态是由“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成的。被动语态的时态变化借助动词be 来实现。助动词be 要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。
被动语态常用于下列几种情况：
1. 动作的执行者无需指出或不明确时。例如：
Printing was introduced into Europe from China. Rome was not built in a day.
2. 为强调动作的承受者时。例如：
Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack. Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.
3. 为了修辞的需要。例如：
He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.
Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.
二、重要考点
1. 除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可使用被动态形式。但在个别情况下，短语动词一般不拆开使用。例如：This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.
2. 不及物动词（或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的动词（或短语动词）无被动语态形式，如：happen, rise, occur, take place, break out 等；以及lack, fit suit，equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like 等。例如：The story took place in 1949.
3. 将主动态形式改为被动态形式时，如遇到动词后跟双宾语的情况，我们只能将其中之一变成主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变成主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。例如：
I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present.
→My husband was given a tie as a birthday present.
→A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.
4. 不定式符号to 在被动语态中不可省略。在主动语态中，感官动词和“使”动词常跟不
带to 的动词不定式，但在被动语态中要有to。例如：
I saw her pass by thewindow.
→She was seen to pass by the window.
5. 某些实义动词加副词也表示被动意义，如：wash, write, sell, eat, keep, open, read, shut 等。例如：
This type of recorder sells well.
The door won’t shut closely.
This kind of shirt washes well.
The pen writes well。
6. want 、deserve 、need 、require 、stand、take、won’t bear with 等词后跟主动形式的动名词可以表示被动意义。例如：
The film is quite worth watching.
The children need looking after (=to be looked after).
The rule will take some learning.
7. 某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
He is hard to please. The article is difficult to understand.
8. 被动语态中常用的几个介词：by 表示动作的执行者或施动者；with（tools ）表示用某种工具；of（materials ）表示由某种原料制成（制成品可见原料）；from（substance ）表示源于某种物质（制成品不见原料）。
9. 非谓动词也有被动词态，构成简列如下：